Examining Pascals Argument for God Essay -- Religion Pascal

at that place put on been many responses to Pascals proposition. British humorist Terry Pratchett cleverly summed it up in nonpareil of his books with a grade of a philosopher who said, Possibly the gods exist, and peradventure they do non. So why not believe in them in any case? If its all true youll go to a lovely move into when you die, and if it isnt then youve lost nothing, right? (Pratchett 51) To the average person, it seems as though there are two choices of religion to believe in God or not to believe in God. Pascals theory is that it is better to believe in God, even without reason, because in so believing, you unload nothing, whereas if you do not believe, you survive to lose significantly. On the surface, this wager seems to make an adequate amount of sense, but upon further examination, the argument begins to break down.Pascal states, check to reason, you can defend incomplete of the propositions. (Pascal 444) He does not think that reason is sufficient to pr ove Gods existence, nor is there solid evidence whiz way or the other. There is an infinite chaos which separates us, (Pascal 444) Pascal says, meaning that if there is a God, universe cannot comprehend Him or His actions. This is to say, even if God exists, humans could not possibly get along enough about Him to prove His existence by proof or reason. This, Pascal says, is why the wager is necessary we cannot go if He exists, we must break up to either believe or disbelieve based on logic.Pascal says that the choice is between several sets of human qualities or characteristics the true vs. the good, reason vs. will, dwellledge vs. happiness, and error vs. misery. He theorizes that the believer who turns out to be correct in his belief will have true good, concordance with rea... ... of belief that have been created round the deity by humans. Even if there is a God and belief in Him is founded, there is no way to know if He will or will not bestow rewards upon His followers .Pascals theory would make sense if it were based on anything other than religion. holiness depends more on face-to-face motivations than a desire for some unknown reward that may or may not exist. Pascal seems to be however covering his own screw propeller with this wager, telling himself that he is believing in anticipation of his eventual reward. This is not a satisfactory justification for believing in a God for which one has no evidence.Works Cited Pascal, Blaise. The Wager. Philosophy of Religion Selected Readings. William L. Rowe and William J. Wainwright, ed. Harcourt Brace, Orlando, FL. 1973. Pratchett, Terry. Hogfather. Harper Prism, London, England. 1996. Examining Pascals Argument for God Essay -- Religion PascalThere have been many responses to Pascals proposition. British humorist Terry Pratchett cleverly summed it up in one of his books with a story of a philosopher who said, Possibly the gods exist, and possibly they do not. So why not believe in them in any case? If its all true youll go to a lovely place when you die, and if it isnt then youve lost nothing, right? (Pratchett 51) To the average person, it seems as though there are two choices of religion to believe in God or not to believe in God. Pascals theory is that it is better to believe in God, even without reason, because in so believing, you lose nothing, whereas if you do not believe, you stand to lose significantly. On the surface, this wager seems to make an adequate amount of sense, but upon further examination, the argument begins to break down.Pascal states, According to reason, you can defend neither of the propositions. (Pascal 444) He does not think that reason is sufficient to prove Gods existence, nor is there solid evidence one way or the other. There is an infinite chaos which separates us, (Pascal 444) Pascal says, meaning that if there is a God, humans cannot comprehend Him or His actions. This is to say, even if God exists, humans could not possibl y know enough about Him to prove His existence by proof or reason. This, Pascal says, is why the wager is necessary we cannot know if He exists, we must decide to either believe or disbelieve based on logic.Pascal says that the choice is between several sets of human qualities or characteristics the true vs. the good, reason vs. will, experience vs. happiness, and error vs. misery. He theorizes that the believer who turns out to be correct in his belief will have true good, agreement with rea... ... of belief that have been created around the deity by humans. Even if there is a God and belief in Him is founded, there is no way to know if He will or will not bestow rewards upon His followers.Pascals theory would make sense if it were based on anything other than religion. Theology depends more on personal motivations than a desire for some unknown reward that may or may not exist. Pascal seems to be merely covering his own ass with this wager, telling himself that he is believing i n anticipation of his eventual reward. This is not a satisfactory justification for believing in a God for which one has no evidence.Works Cited Pascal, Blaise. The Wager. Philosophy of Religion Selected Readings. William L. Rowe and William J. Wainwright, ed. Harcourt Brace, Orlando, FL. 1973. Pratchett, Terry. Hogfather. Harper Prism, London, England. 1996.

Letters from a Birmingham Jail Essays -- American Literature

earns from a Birmingham JailAristotle is a real citable populace when it comes to the way we think today. His rhetoric techniques are still being used in todays guild. The Neo-Aristotelian Criticism is three different appeals of persuasion. This is ethos, pathos and logos, which makes one heck of a convert argument. Ethos gives credibility, pathos shows emotion and logos uses words. In the text, Letter from Birmingham Jail, we bring many examples of the criticism. Martin Luther King Jr. is writing a letter from inside the jail of Birmingham in April of 1963. This letter King wrote was in response to a letter he received from the religious leaders after King is making a dissent against the racial issues in Alabama. These leaders stand firm in their letter when they say that when rights are being denied, they should be handled in the courts with negotiations and not in the streets. The authorities have placed Martin Luther King Jr. against his own will after his demonstration o f desegregation. While incarcerated, King managed to find anything and everything to write this letter that is now historied for being a link to the end of public racism all over the nation. The content of the letter is filled with appeals of ethos, pathos and logos, which is necessary to make a strong argument. The first area of the Neo-Aristotelian criticism we are going to look at is the ethos. As defined earlier, ethos gives credibility. This deals with the ethics of right and wrong as society sees fit. A strong point of ethos appeals is its powerful effect on the reader. The down side to this is its hard to get yet easy to lose. As we analysis this artifact, we find an example in the second paragraph. King gives a brief description of his backg... ...l for those who left their example and for those who are going to follow his example.In Conclusion, A Letter from a Birmingham Jail met its intended purpose to those of the audience being the clergymen and the reader today. Marti n Luther King, Jr. has proven himself to the clergymen of Alabama, in regards to his reasoning for a more equal nation. The stool line is that every man was created equally, so we should all have the same rights as the next person. In my own opinion, I think the letter was very necessary. These men of faith were more focused on what man thought rather than their creators. This piece by King is very affective to the reader as well as the audience. It is evident that Martin Luther King, Jr. works went unnoticed, because we are living in a mixed racial society. The reader is very affected by the letters history and how it came to be.

swazi :: essays papers

swaziThe Swazi of Swaziland IntroductionSwazis are said to belong to the Nguni people who lived in central Africa and migrated to southern Africa. They speak the Siswati language , a language earlier spoken by the Nguni group of the Bantu family. They seem to have settle in Swaziland around five hundred years ago. They were then control by the British from the mid 19th century to mid 20th century. Swaziland is a monarchy and is ruled by King Mswati III. Social OrganizationThe social organization in the Swazis is like any other African tribe. The homestead is the sparing and domestic unit of the family. It is headed by the Umnumza or gaffer who is in charge of the family which includes his wives and children. Sons will bring there wives to the homestead and setup home within it tour the daughters move to their in-laws. The occupants who reside in the homestead can also be distant relatives or non de composedents. Therefore the number of people for whom the headman is responsible economically ,legally and by ritual may vary according his status and wealth. A wealthy headman may have many wives therefore he has a large number of people he is responsible for. The headman usually would subdivide the large homestead in order to gain access to large tracts of cultivable land or divide quarrelsome wives .The homestead is planned according to the relationships between its inhabitants . Usually in the center of the homestead is the cattle pen and grain storage units, which are underground flask shaped pits. Women are not allowed access to theses places. The living quarters are grouped in a semicircle with the indlunkuku ( great hut) which is home to the most important woman in the homestead , the mother of the headman. If she is dead then a substitute mother is appointed. On the sides are the quarters of the wives ,each with her own sleeping ,cooking and storage huts and enclosed with a reed fence for protection against wind . The ra nking of wives is not rigid only it depends on the headman and his preference of wives. the clear demarkation of the wives huts and the fact that each of them own their own garden land and cattle does not erase the fact that the headmans mothers house is supreme.

Autonomy in Determinism :: Determinism Papers

Autonomy in Determinism (1) ABSTRACT There be good reasons for determinism the option for pure freedom of will proves to be a non-tenable position. However, this collides with the everyday discover of autonomy. The following argument will attempt to show that determinism and autonomy are compatible. (1) A first consideration going brook to MacKay makes clear that I myself cannot see in principle my own determination hence fatalism has lost its grounds. (2) From the perspective of physical determination, I show that quantum-physical indetermination is not at every in a position to explain autonomy, while from the perspective of systems theory physical determination and autonomy is well-compatible. (3) The possibility of familiarity denotes a further increase of much(prenominal) autonomy. From this perspective, acting is something like designing-oneself or choice-of-oneself. (4) Consciousness of not being fixed in principle now becomes a determine condition of my acting, which appears to be headstrong by autonomy. This explains the ineradicable conviction that freedom of will is essential for human beings. (5) I conclude that the autonomy of acting is greater the more that rational self-government takes the place of stupid arbitrariness. In 1980 a book by U. Pothast came out with the provocative title The Inadequacy of the Proofs for Freedom. (2) Its merit consisted in the fact that it runs through and refutes all the known types of proofs for freedom in the philosophical tradition. Pothasts arguments, which thereby amount to determinism, are in my opinion basically sound, but sure also need a discriminating judgement, which is treated in the following discussion.The view mentioned is alarming in two respects First of all, in conformance with the way we see ourselves we are convinced that freedom is essential for mans being. Secondly, philosophers think they agree excellent arguments against determinism. The strongest objection to determinism is in m y view the following (3) Truth, i.e., accurate knowledge of the facts of a case is only(prenominal) possible for me when I can cognitively get involved with the subject. However, the precondition for this is that I am not determined by irrelevant constraints in affiliation with the subject e.g., by physical factors or by my own biological-genetic constitution, but also not by prejudices and preconcieved notions precisely because I could not involve myself in the subject because of such constraints. Reduced to a formula, this means truth presupposes freedom. As a philosophical theory, determinism itself lays claim to truth, which therewith presupposes freedom, in accordance with what I have just said.Autonomy in Determinism Determinism PapersAutonomy in Determinism (1) ABSTRACT There are good reasons for determinism the option for pure freedom of will proves to be a non-tenable position. However, this collides with the everyday experience of autonomy. The following argument wi ll attempt to show that determinism and autonomy are compatible. (1) A first consideration going back to MacKay makes clear that I myself cannot foresee in principle my own determination hence fatalism has lost its grounds. (2) From the perspective of physical determination, I show that quantum-physical indetermination is not at all in a position to explain autonomy, while from the perspective of systems theory physical determination and autonomy is well-compatible. (3) The possibility of knowledge denotes a further increase of such autonomy. From this perspective, acting is something like designing-oneself or choice-of-oneself. (4) Consciousness of not being fixed in principle now becomes a determining condition of my acting, which appears to be determined by autonomy. This explains the ineradicable conviction that freedom of will is essential for human beings. (5) I conclude that the autonomy of acting is greater the more that rational self-determination takes the place of stupid arbitrariness. In 1980 a book by U. Pothast came out with the provocative title The Inadequacy of the Proofs for Freedom. (2) Its merit consisted in the fact that it runs through and refutes all the known types of proofs for freedom in the philosophical tradition. Pothasts arguments, which thereby amount to determinism, are in my opinion basically sound, but surely also need a discriminating judgement, which is treated in the following discussion.The view mentioned is alarming in two respects First of all, in accordance with the way we see ourselves we are convinced that freedom is essential for mans being. Secondly, philosophers think they have excellent arguments against determinism. The strongest objection to determinism is in my view the following (3) Truth, i.e., accurate knowledge of the facts of a case is only possible for me when I can cognitively get involved with the subject. However, the precondition for this is that I am not determined by irrelevant constraints in connec tion with the subject e.g., by physical factors or by my own biological-genetic constitution, but also not by prejudices and preconcieved notions precisely because I could not involve myself in the subject because of such constraints. Reduced to a formula, this means truth presupposes freedom. As a philosophical theory, determinism itself lays claim to truth, which therewith presupposes freedom, in accordance with what I have just said.

Air Resistance, Tyres And Friction :: essays research papers

Dragsters use a combination of large wide tyres or the rear and menial narrow tyres on the front this combination is used for the following reasonsThe front wheelsThe front wheels are very narrow. This is so a minimum of air subway system or drag affects the dragster with lower drag better acceleration an in turn a better top speed can be achieved altogether leading to a better pass (race time). Now lets try to understand the concept of air resistance and drag. A basic example is placing your hand kayoed the window with your palm veneering forwards as you are driving your car along at about sixty kilometres per hour. You will feel a strong force of the wind (air resistance) pushing back at your hand. Now turn your hand side or so that your little finger is lining the front and your thumb is facing the rear at the same speed. The force of air resistance exerted on your hand is greatly reduced. This force is similar as to that exerted on the front wheels of the dragster.Now drag sters reach speeds of up to five hundred kilometres per hour, imagine the force needed to hold your hand against the wind if your palm was facing the front. It would be much easier to hold your hand side on. The same as it would be much easier for the dragsters engine to push the narrow front wheels compared to large ones. zephyr resistance is a form of friction (namely fluid friction) a friction from the air, as we know friction is defined as a force that opposes movement.The pattern used to determine aerodynamic drag is as follows Drag = 0.5 * rho * Cd * v2 * S Aerodynamic drag is a function of the following rho is the air density, which we cannot change. v2 is upper squared which is endeavoured to be maximized for the best time and/or pass. S is the frontal or cross sectional commonwealth which we want to minimize. I.e. less frontal area means that a less significant amount of air resistance impedes the top speed and acceleration.Cd is the coefficient of drag, which we want t o minimize. So the two things with which can be worked with or changed, the frontal area and coefficient of drag, both of which need to be to minimized for the best results.Having very narrow front wheels minimizes the frontal area.

Air Resistance, Tyres And Friction :: essays research papers

Dragsters use a combination of large wide tyres or the rear and diminutive narrow tyres on the front this combination is used for the following reasonsThe front wheelsThe front wheels are very narrow. This is so a minimum of air protection or drag affects the dragster with lower drag better acceleration an in turn a better top speed can be achieved only leading to a better pass (race time). Now lets try to understand the concept of air resistance and drag. A basic example is placing your hand out the window with your palm set about forwards as you are driving your car along at about sixty kilometres per hour. You will feel a strong force of the wind (air resistance) pushing back at your hand. Now turn your hand side or so that your little finger is set about the front and your thumb is facing the rear at the same speed. The force of air resistance exerted on your hand is greatly reduced. This force is similar as to that exerted on the front wheels of the dragster.Now dragsters reach speeds of up to five hundred kilometres per hour, imagine the force needed to hold your hand against the wind if your palm was facing the front. It would be much easier to hold your hand side on. The same as it would be much easier for the dragsters engine to push the narrow front wheels compared to large ones. glow resistance is a form of friction (namely fluid friction) a friction from the air, as we know friction is defined as a force that opposes movement.The jurisprudence used to determine aerodynamic drag is as follows Drag = 0.5 * rho * Cd * v2 * S Aerodynamic drag is a function of the following rho is the air density, which we cannot change. v2 is speeding squared which is endeavoured to be maximized for the best time and/or pass. S is the frontal or cross sectional nation which we want to minimize. I.e. less frontal area means that a less significant amount of air resistance impedes the top speed and acceleration.Cd is the coefficient of drag, which we want to mi nimize. So the two things with which can be worked with or changed, the frontal area and coefficient of drag, both of which need to be to minimized for the best results.Having very narrow front wheels minimizes the frontal area.

Will Bury’s Price Elasticity Scenario

The economic concepts founded in Will Burys Price elasticity Scenario ar the following 1. publish and Demand One of the most fundamental concepts of economics and the backb one and only(a) of a market economy is the concept of total and learn. Demand shows the dissimilar amounts of a product that consumers atomic number 18 willing and able to purchase at each of a series of possible impairments during a specified period of time. (McConnell & Brue, 2004) The constabulary of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the expense of a good, the less people will demand that good. Therefore, there is a negative blood between price and quantity demanded.The basic determinants of demand which affect purchases are Consumers preferences The number of consumers in the market Consumers incomes The price of related goods Consumers expectations about future prices and incomes Supply shows the amount of a product that producers are willing and able to make availab le for sale at each of a series of possible prices during a specific period. (McConnell & Brue, 2004) The law of supply states that as price rises, the quantity supplied rises as price falls, the quantity supplied falls. Therefore, there is a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.The basic determinants of supply are Resource price Technology Taxes and subsides Prices of other goods Price expectation The number of sellers in the market In arrange to understand the effect of price on volume demanded, Will Bury must understand the theory of supply and demand. When he will put these cardinal concepts in concert, he will identify the market equilibrium with the price and quantity at the intersection of the demand and supply relations. That will be the price and high enough that quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied, and the quantity corresponding to that price. 2. Elasticity of Demand and SupplyThe degree to which a demand or supply reacts to a price chan ge is measured by a products price elasticity. There are different types of elasticity. Price elasticity of demand measures how sensitive is the quantity demanded to a change in the price of the good. Price elasticity of supply measures how sensitive is the quantity supplied to a change in the price of the good. When elasticity is small (less than 1 in absolute value) the relation is inelastic. Inelastic demand (supply) means that the quantity demanded (supplied) is not very sensitive to the price. When elasticity is whacking (greater than 1 in absolute value) the relation is elastic.Elastic demand (supply) means that the quantity demanded (supplied) is sensitive to the price. General formula for price elasticity is Elasticity = (Percentage alteration in Quantity) / (Percentage switch in Price) As a general rule, the more substitutes a good has, the more elastic is its supply and demand. 3. Substitute Goods Substitute goods are goods that can be used to satisfy the same needs, on e in the place of another. That means that demand for the two kinds of goods will be bounded together by the fact that consumers can trade of one good for the other if it becomes advantageous to do so.In Will Burys Price Elasticity Scenario the 500-page book on CD is a substitute for Burys audio files of a book, therefore Will Bury must stay circulating(prenominal) on marketing research and stay current on other potential competitors who may offer substitute products because an subjoin in price for one kind of goods will result in an increase in demand for its substitute goods, and a decrease in price will result in a decrease in demand for its substitute. 4. Cross Elasticity of Demand The cross elasticity of demand measures how sensitive consumer purchases of one product are to a change in the price of some other product.The general formula for cross elasticity of demand is Exy = (Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded of Product X) / (Percentage Change in Price of Product Y) The cross elasticity of demand for substitute goods will always be positive, because the demand for one good will increase if the price for the other good increases. References McConnell, C. R. , & Brue, S. L. (2004). Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies (16th ed. ). New York McGraw Hill/Irwin University of Phoenix Material Will Burys Price Elasticity Scenario. Retrieved June 6, 2009 from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/classroom/ic/classroom. aspx

Admission Personal Statement Essay

Care is supreme to the survival of all life on earth. In the attitude of accusation, understanding and useful therapy any individual including adults with shaking palsy and speech communication defects, children with autism, cerebral palsy and similar speech impairments faecal matter survive they apprise live to impact the planets in government, politics, economics, arts.They can be better songwriters than Ludwig wagon train Beethoven, and their records in literature can surpass that of Helen Keller, American author and lecturer who was blind and deaf. Irrespective of the impairments they may be living with, the dedication of speech pathologists and therapists can be of immense help to this category of people This is the essence of my intention to pursue a Masters degree in Speech run-in pathology Programs in this renowned institution.Honing my skills as a speech pathologist is by no means an easy task and responsibility. As a person, I can effectively communicate diagnostic t est results, diagnoses, and proposed treatment in a manner which is easily understood by friends and families.This is useful to clients/ endurings and their families. I understand that the patients response to speech therapy may be slow and therefore I am patient and compassionate enough to listen to the patient has study be. As a speech therapist, the management or therapeutic pattern for each patient is individualised to suit the need of the patient. Irrespective of the origin of the speech deficit, I believe strongly that I can be of immense help.I believe my upbringing has a significant share in my desire to gain ground develop craft as a speech pathologist. Being a Russian immigrant, I easily can adapt to children who seem to be struggle to adopt their second language in this inelegant. As a child coming to America at a very young age of 12, I saw how my parents also struggled to keep up with the language barriers. But I used this incident to further bolster my desire to be a profound speech pathologist.Besides, seeing the difficulty of my parents, I strove to include in my work as a speech pathologist weapons platforms wherein parents would be empowered to be adjunct of their children as they work together in speech therapy programs. Im not a rigid type of teacher I structure my programs around non-formal means of training environments.I am sensitive to my wards, in the sense that I exert just enough pressure on them to learn without cosmos too forceful. My skills are being put to use as I have been caring for my grandfather who is legally blind for the past 6-7 years although his hearing is fine and speech is fine. Besides, I have become more patient even to the extent of advocating for elderly rights to notice nursing home neglects. I am persuaded that people need care irrespective of their presumed disability.In my stay in the Big Apple Academy in New York, during my internship and volunteer duties at the institution, I participated in variou s activities done which I gained more knowledge close my chosen field I learnt a lot at Big Apple and at First Step earlyish Intervention also in New York about children who had difficulty in their learning modules at speech therapy.In my stay at the academy, I learned about Prompts for Restructuring Oral-Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPTs). I believe that learning must never stop it must be a constant activity if one wishes to perfect his or her skill that is the reason for my diligence to study in this highly-placed institution.Suffice me so state that it is quite impossible to say that if I do get admitted into your prestigious program, I would be able to create a cure-all for speech deficiencies in all children. On the contrary, children who possess these special conditions are just that, special. They need pleonastic care and love and understanding from us, and, not to be self appreciating, I consider myself to have been blessed with an extra measure of love, compassion an d patience.But if I do invent a cure at all, your program would have an extra measure of credit, since the knowledge I would have gained from your program would have gone a long way in contributing to my discoveryThe facilities in this institution are adequate for effective teaching and productive learning this is why I have chosen this institution. As a diligent and thorough student, I entrust be of great asset to the school, with contributions to the body of knowledge through research, to sports through team spirit and to social development by effective relationship skills. In the end, I can say many things about why my application should be considered.Suffice it to say that I am hardworking, driven and highly motivated in my desire to be accepted into your program. I also am a team player I work well in an environment where the confluence of ideas will contribute in my learning process as a speech pathologist. I do my work on time, with an extra effort to see to it that the work I will do in the program will be top quality each and every time.In concluding, I admit my knowledge is limited and still so much to learn. I believe that the program in your honourable institution will further strengthen the bedrock that I have in the field of speech therapy.I am grateful that this country affords people like me, a Russian Jew, opportunities to better myself without fear of discrimination or recrimination. My dreams may not be to change the world but I can make a difference by an excellent Speech therapist and graduate of your institutions Masters program.

Explain What Is Meant by the Term ‘Statutory Interpretation’ and to What Extent Does This Compliment or Undermine the Role of the Parliament?

Explain what is meant by the term statutory discoveration and to what expiration does this compliment or undermine the role of the fan tan? Statutory interpretation refers to a process used by the courts when it looks at a piece of written to interpret what its definition is. A ordinance is a bill also agnizen as a law which was passed by the legislature (Parliament) that imposes sees on people. thus far these statutes may be open to interpretation and are occasionally are riddles with ambiguities.So statutory interpretation is the process that focuses on resolving these ambiguities and deciding how a particular bill or law will apply in a particular pillowcase. Some statutes have a very clear and instantly forward heart to them and therefor interpreting them incredibly easy, but in many cases there can be ambiguities and vagueness in the wording of the statute that the adjudicate must try and resolve for the sole purpose of occlusionping and absurdity occurring. Courts can only interpret the law they do not question the origins or the reason.There are numerous rules when it comes to statutory interpretation, the first and most important of these rules is the rule that governs and deals with the statutes plain language, the rule is essentially the statute means what it says, For example if the statute refers to vehicles it would be interpreted as vehicles not planes or submarines. This is known as the Literal rule and it looks at the statute in its natural and ordinary meaning in its context. The advantage and disadvantages to using this rule is that it does encourage precision in drafting laws, well unless the Legislature had any reason to be deliberately careless. t also is meant to bring a certain sense of certainty, however there is no certainty when It comes to something like literalism so can that really be the case? , It is next to useless when a judge is trying to interpret an achievement where broad terms have deliberately been used howev er the fact rest that the ability to draft a perfect bill is impossible. And the case still remains that it gives the law making power or at least the powers to sprain laws to judges something which is in violation of the belief of Parliamentary supremacy. An Example of the Literal rule is Whitely v, Chappell (1869).The defendant had voted in the name of a person who had died, but was show not guilty of the offence of personating any person entitled to vote a dead person is not entitled to vote. (http//legal-directory. net/english-law/interpretation-literal-rule. htm) Another rule that governs statutory interpretation is the mischief rule, and according to the law commission it was regarded as the most satisfactory of the three rules, Its basic purpose is to allow the courts to look into and stop the mischief that the law was passed to prevent, an example of this rule being put into effect Is Smith v.Hughes 1960, a prostitute solicited from inside a building to the street. A b ackstage building was held to be a street or public place for the purposes of the proceeding to avoid the mischief of harlotry. (http//e-lawresources. co. uk/Adler-v-George. php) However unlike the literal rule it doesnt take away from the idea of fantanary supremacy too much as they still apply the law in the same way that parliament intended it to be.The final and third rule is the Golden rule, this is basically the rule which comes into play if the following of the Literal rule would create an absurdity, so the courts are allowed to interpret and apply a secondary meaning to it. A really good case example is the case of Adler v George (1964) that stated Under the Official Secrets Act 1920 it was an offence to obstruct a member of the armed forces in the vicinity of a prohibited palace. The defendant was actually in the prohibited place, rather than in the vicinity of it, at the time of obstruction. ( http//e-lawresources. co. uk/Adler-v-George. hp) The courts however knew that f ollowing the literal interpretation of this law would lead to an absurdity and they used the golden rule to determine it was absurd to thing a law would apply near something and not inside it. Statutory interpretation is a tricky task, so judges can use different things to military service them in there tasks these are called tutelages and they come in two different forms Intrinsic aids these are something that is found within the act of parliament itself that they can use to try and interpret and apply the act with and extrinsic aids these are things found outside of the act of parliament.An examples of an Intrinsic aids is the succinct title of the bill. However there are far more Extrinsic aids for example the courts may call upon Dictionaries to find the definition of words to aid in exact interpretation, Especially if dealing with the Literal rule. They may also refer to previous Acts and how they were interpreted in the past if a new act of parliament is replacing a previou s one. They also use the law commissioned reports to see why the law was created, something that would come in very happy if trying to apply the Mischief rule.They may also refer to the Hansard this is edited verbatim report of all the proceedings in both of the houses of parliament. Important things to know about that is that judges may only look at statements made by a minister or another promoter of the bill. The whole idea of these 3 rules does make the concept of Parliamentary supremacy a bit feeble, as the ability to interpret and bend the law is completely at the strains discretion. It does degrade the Idea Significantly.

Important factors shaping social relationships under the French

Social relationships were important components of the French absolute monarchy. Historians agree that to achieve supreme conquer and national unity, Kings relied heavily on military strength. There is little question that absolutistic France came to posses the largest standing army Europe had ever seen. Armies made France a almighty state, and the King a powerful ruler. However kings also controlled by dint of non military means, establishing bureaucratic and sanctioned systems and developing an absolutist culture with the King at the centre.These manifestations of absolutism, at raying degrees of significance, helped shape genial relationships, and in turn, enforced the absolutist regime. Contrastingly, otherwise historians maintain that the absolute system worked within pre-existing social codes, which were more influential in cause social relationships. Historians herald the significance of these different performers because they take a variety of historiographers approach es. Absolutism redefined the socio-political structures and wording of flirt parliamentary law. Court cabals and approachesies became important factors that influenced social relationships.Emmanuel Eel Roy Ladies uses the court memoirs of Duct De Saint Simons, to explain the system of court cabals. Ladies explains how the King placed himself at the top of the court hierarchy, and held a number of favorites. L Lower courtiers would convention around these powerful Individuals, such(prenominal) as King Louis Xiv wife Madame De Imitation, to gain power, wealth, status and other privileges with association. 2 Saint Simonys court memoirs are a more traditional historiographers source, detailing friendships, marriages and patronage relationships that formed and separated court cabals. However Lauder himself admits the limitations of the source, stating that It has a tendency to be subjective with just about bias, and Inaccurate facts. 4 But as Ladler states, his purpose was non s tatistical detail, but to present a nonplus for the network of social relationships in court society, and to spread abroad that they placed the king in an enormous position of influence to determine courtiers social standing. 5 Rest Raman consults similar sources and concludes that courtesies were a new political language that redefined the way courtiers socialized and communicated, while also being a political tool for negotiating the cabal system.Raman analyses Theodore Goddesses Grand Ceremonial De France from 1619, one of the many courtesy manuals written for courtiers. 6 Absolutist monarchies did not invent courtesies, but Raman argues that these manuals justified and systematized these social codes. 7 Courtesy rules dictated the nature of social affiliations and interactions, becoming a vital political language in court society, as a means of showing or denying respect or favor to individuals and cabals. For example hat doffing And take down eyes became the language of re spect that carried on along the hierarchy, with the King at the top. Ere insults to God himself, enforcing enormous regal authority. 9 Moreover, under Louis cardinal, all topics except idle small talk, were branded discourteous, in an attempt to repress uprisings. 10 Both historians analyses similar sources and share the conclusion that absolutism created a new social order, knowing to enforce the Kings power. Sarah Hanley however, argues bureaucratic models, found by the absolutist state, were important factors shaping family and gender relationships.Hanley investigates the Family State Compact, revealing that it enforced distinct gender oleos and enshrined the patriarchal family model in legislation. This model was in turn used to explain and Justify absolutism. 11 Hanley approaches her study with an ethnographic perspective. 12 She states that conventional historiography has always been a similar process of selecting documents to confirm a point, but more recent scholarship on social history now seeks to gain greater scope and prudence by viewing a range of non-traditional sources. 3 From these historians may distill messages about social life. 14 Hanley use of primary government legislation and court case documents, are examples of expanding historical sources. The Marriage Regulations, Reproduction Rules and Marital Separation Arrangements ensured family finances remained under paternal authority, helped guarantee the legitimacy of children and made it harder to break up marriages and families. 1 5 But as Hanley indicates, the underlying purpose of these laws was to constitutionalism patriarchal control over all family affairs. 6 It was a key bureaucratic factor that helped enforce male social and economic dominance, within the family. Furthermore, the patriarchal family worked to Justify and naturalist the appointment of an absolutist ruler, who could be seen as he husband and arrest of the state. 17 Furthermore, Hanley examination of court cases exposes legal limitations on female political and economic privileges within their marital and civic relationships.Women gained social and economic status through marriage and childbearing, but the Compact put men in greater control these activities, disemboweling women and forcing them to break laws for economic and social survival. 18 In the plot- du Piqued case for example, Barber- Francoise Diagram was charged with supposition attendant because she faked the birth of a child to avoid becoming a childless widow and losing socioeconomic status. 9 Furthermore, this source reveals that legal structures shaped collaborative relationships between women of different social classes, as Barber sought the assistance of midwifes, paupers and a prostitute. 0 Thus while primary accounts such as Saint-Simonys Memoirs explain social and genealogical connections at their surface, Handless wider variety of social records reveals in greater depth, the gendered social constructions that defined social relationships in the absolutist monarchy, as well as unexpected cross-class relationships. Cultural manifestations of absolutism in art, gardens and entertainment were further significant factors shaping social relationships. Diverging from traditional and social historiographers, Peter Burke, Chancre Muskier and Craig Callously take an art historical concepts to court social life.He argues that the language of allegory, hyperbole and euphemism in songs, literature, sermons, painting and other mediums communicated a lofty racy style that associated the King with exalted figures and ideas. 21 For example Louis XIV was pained as SST John the Baptist and Apollo. 22 Courtiers learnt these references and conducted themselves accordingly, with grandeur and dignity. 3 In turn, this new language displayed, magnify and rationalized the King as a sublime and spiritual ruler. 24 In contrast, Muskier applies geopolitical concepts to understanding social relationships.Muskier references historian Michel Facultys theory that 17th century society began to view material possessions as indicators of wealth and power. 25 Increasing trade, scientific and technological innovations made material items more prominent in social gatherings and conversations. 26 Muskier argues absolutism worked within this materialist culture, valuing put down the most as a material item. 7 In a geopolitical way, Kings enforced power by appropriating and manipulating land into formal gardens. In turn, this established material ownership as a language of power. 8 Material goods came to dominate social and political relationships during the 17th century. 29 Callously similarly seeks specialized research on theatre and festivals, alongside primary accounts. However he argues the political purposes of nocturnal entertainment were significant factors shaping court life. 30 For example, Baroque night time theatre developed and through its illusionists lighting, performances such as Louis Xiv Balle t De la Unit, physically presented Louis as a radiant King. 1 Furthermore, court diaries from Versailles reveal an increase in concerts, balls, and billiards, offering different opportunities for solicitation. 32 Nocturnal activities changed and began to characterize social life. 33 Memoirs by Louis XIV and absolutist critic Jean De La Buyer (1645-96) also divulge that night time entertainments were deliberate distractions from political issues. 34 Callously maintains Kings communicated and secured their power through nocturnal spectacles, which consequently transformed court social relationships. 35However unlike other historians discussed, James Afar argues social relationships were shaped by concepts of Honor that pre-dated absolutist expressions of power. Like other historians, Afar relies on a primary source Farther Lames eye witness account of the trial and execution of disgraced nobleman Philippe Group. Unconventionally, Group did not confess his crime, thus preserving honor but damning his soul. 36 More important to him was maintaining honor for his family and young son. 37 Honor defined peoples positions of power and status. 38 It was treated as an item that could be appropriated through displays of respect. Lames text, confirmed by trial records, reveals Group bowed and spoke respectfully to colleagues and onlookers, to earn back slightly of the honor he had lost. 40 Through displays of respect, Group also sought favor with his patron the Prince of Condone, who could gain him a Kings pardon. 41 Fears study revises primary documents and challenges past historians such as Ladies and Rest, previously discussed. Courtesy codes, and court cabals were not Just to gain political power, but were part of a possible, albeit largely speculative, that Kings consciously manipulated this established framework of honor to their political advantage.But what Groups trial reveals is honor was a precious commodity, and was central to the way people conversed and conn ected. The majority of historians discussed, agree that the most important factors shaping social relationships under the absolute monarchy, were essentially the absolute monarchy itself. Absolutism established a new laws, social customs, entertainment and art that had a dramatic impact on social relationships involving gender, class, marriage, family ties and friendships. But in contrast, historians also argue that, as in any society, there were already complex social codes that absolutism worked within.

Belonging: Past Hsc Student’s Draft

The need to belong is a serviceman phenomenon that is the underlying ca employment of our actions. As humans, we search for like-minded people with whom we can find a sense of ourselves as people. This is a product of the fact that belonging is integral to the defining of iodins identity. However, a sense of belonging is often achieved by following a path of alienation. Similarly, alienation leads to disillusionment with that (verbose line) which iodine once believed in. Apocalypse instantly directed by Francis Coppola, John Steinbecks Tortilla matt and Peter Skrzyneckis poetry all deal with these three dimensions of belonging.Belonging and acceptance is integral to the formation of ones identity. Peter Skrzyneckis poem 10 Mary Street illustrates the security and comfort that is a product of a sense of belonging. In this case, it is a sense of belonging to a family r unwrapine that occurs daily at number 10 Mary Street. The mundanity of the second provides stability and famili arity. Skrzynecki uses time frames much(prenominal) as 5pm and For cardinal years to establish a sense of repetition and order in the readers mind.Collective pronouns such as we con none collaboration and inclusion in the family sphere. This family inclusivity allows the poet to establish his identity at an early age in a place in which he belongs, as shown when he describes him wandering in the tend after domesticate. The simile like a hungry bird shows (avoid using show repetitively) him to be curious and boisterous. It connotes a healthy organic childhood. In the sustain stanza of the poem, Skrzynecki uses images of growth and nurturing to suggest a loving family environment and a sense of belonging to the land.The quiet hum-drum of daily routines, such as washing clothes and gardening, suggests that the brook and Skrzyneckis p bents rarely change. This conjures an image of immense strength and solidarity. Skrzynecki establishes his childhood home as an enduring sphere of safety. He does this by personifying the house in its china-blue come on as a friend and part of the family. The home is a place in which to remember their Polish heritage. The repetition of the line for nineteen years illustrates the duration of time that his family have been paying homage to their ancestry to as they kept pre- fight Europe alive. The use of the Polish word Kielbasa not only adds authenticity and profundity to the poem but reinforces the idea that, though Skrzyneckis family has moved away from war-torn Poland to Australia, they still firmly belong to their Polish heritage and in that location is a link for them and their family done which to establish their identities in their new land. The poet mourns the passing of his childhood and the destruction of the home in which he learnt the nature of growing up caught amongst two cultures and the rift between the past and the future. This notion is upgrade explored in Apocalypse nowadays.Colonel Kurtz was the prid e of the American Military Command. Having broken from the decrepit and corrupt school of thought that was the US army, Kurtz establishes his god-like rule over a clan of like-minded natives in the jungles of Cambodia. His character extrapolates all issues surrounding America as a nation, from war crimes to environmental stability. In one of the most compelling scenes of the film, Kurtz expresses his thoughts to Willard, one of the first Americans he has encountered since his dissent. He speaks of his son at home and his fear that if he were to be killed, his son would not understand his fathers actions.At this point, the extended constraining up shot of Kurtzs face, half shrouded in darkness, changes slightly as he moves further into the light. This conveys that Kurtz still holds onto the hope that his son will one day come to understand his identity and why he acted in the way that he did. Kurtz is not ashamed of his actions because ultimately, he has fully formed his identity. F irst he was transformed on the battlefields of Vietnam by the death and ignorance he encountered/witnessed and then again in the jungles of Cambodia amongst the natives and free thought.Therefore, some(prenominal) 10 Mary Street and Apocalypse Now effectively explore the concept that acceptance and belonging are integral to the formation of ones identity. A sense of belonging is achieved by following a path of alienation. In Migrant Hostel, Skrzyneckis family struggle to establish themselves in a new land. Skrzynecki delineates the sense of alienation that the unsettleds have towards the rest of Australia. The sealed off highway demonstrates the separation they feel from the rest of the country.The simile of rose and trim back like a finger demonstrates that they do not feel welcomed or accepted in their new land, but are constantly reprimanded, like a naughty child. The line needing its sanction demonstrates how the migrants are enslaved to the entrapment they feel in the hostel . They need permission to continue living in a manner that doesnt muse their culture or beliefs. This alienation from their culture and freedom renders each migrant unimportant and attempts to destroy their sense of personal identity and belonging. However, it is because of this alienation that they achieve a sense of belonging and identity.Nationalities found each other based on their accents and the town they came from. Inside the hostel, they keep the memory of their home and culture alive though they are haunted by the memories of hunger and hate that destroyed their countries. Skrzynecki uses the simile like a homing pigeon to connote the strong sense of survival and solidarity share by the migrants. The homing pigeon is a survivor that travels great distances. Skrzynecki uses a reoccurring motif of birds throughout this poem as they have connotations of freedom and migration.This dimension of belonging is further explored in John Steinbecks sassy Tortilla Flat. Danny, Pilon , Jesus Maria, Pablo, Pirate and Big Joe Portagee are half Spanish- Mexican, misfits who form a brotherhood of drunken antics that centre well-nigh the home they all share in Tortilla Flat in California. The book is written in an entirely episodic fashion to fit with the allegory that Steinbeck creates, equivalence the six men to King Arthurs Knights of the Round Table. However, instead of knights in shining armour, they are the unruly and boisterous men upon whom the community of Monterey frown upon.Therefore Steinbeck creates a paradox within this novel because whilst this brotherhood is the only place that the men find a sense of belonging, it is also their association with each other that renders them impossible to normal society. Steinbeck quite obviously uses the technique of having his characters speak in language befitting the Elizabethan era. This reinforces the notion that they are all fallen from the grace of a former life not mentioned in the novel, but they are fallen together. It is also a distinguishable way from separating the adopted brothers from those in normal society.It heightens not only the sense of unreality that permeates the whole book but also the sense of alienation from the outside world. The brothers eat, drink wine, sleep and occasionally venture out to do good deeds for those around them. They live by an entirely alternative concept of time, space, possession and love. The growing sense of belonging that develops through the novel is conveyed through the slow gathering of the six men to form the brotherhood and the corresponding rising action. Once they are all convened under a monetary standard of bemused freedom, Danny states, we are now as one, as never such men have been before. Each member is crucial to the groups propulsive and thitherfore to each individual members sense of belonging. This is conveyed at the conclusion of the novel when, after Dannys funeral, the house that was their home accidentally catches muster out but instead of trying to save their one worldly possession, the men allow it to burn to the ground and then go their separate ways. The last spoken communication of the novel are no two walked together conveying that the bonds of brotherhood had been broken and that it was only with each other that they belonged.Therefore, both Migrant Hostel and Tortilla Flat effectively convey the idea that belonging is reached by a path of alienation. Alienation leads to disillusionment with that which one once believed in (is there a divergent way to express this? ). Skrzyneckis poem In The Folk Museum describes the experiences of the poet as he becomes increasingly alienated from his heritage. After describing his parents typical migrant experience in Migrant Hostel, the poet now finds himself unable to empathise with a past that is not his own.The use of first person not only allows the respondent to connect on a deeper level with Skrzynecki, but also highlights the fact that he is alon e in his musings nigh a past that he does not fully comprehend. In turn, this adds to the bleakness of an already melancholic poem. The caretaker of the museum represents everything that alienates Skrzynecki from his Polish heritage. She is knitting and has grey hair demonstrating that she is a relic herself and incongruent to contemporary society, just as Skrzynecki views his dying past.The simile of cold as water further illustrates that the poet no longer empathises or has any emotional connection to the events of his past. Although it is not as instantly referred to in this poem(weak expression) as in others, In The Folk Museum also conveys how the poets disillusionment with his past leads to a sense of belonging with his present. The use of personification in the wind taps hurriedly communicates not only the poets frustration but also the determination of the outside world to remind him of the pointlessness of his reminiscing about his Polish heritage.The use of alliteration in I leave without wanting a final look conveys his speedy exit as well as his eagerness to regain the world outside of the museum, where he belongs. This notion of disillusionment is further explored in Francis Coppolas film Apocalypse Now. Captain Willard, an American officer flake in the Vietnam War, believes wholeheartedly in the US army and Western Civilisation as a whole. He belongs to war. At the beginning of the film, Willard is off work in Saigon and recounts one of his trips home.The use of direct speech narration adds depth and authenticity to Willards character. He states Id wake up and thered be nothing. Every minute I spend in this room, I get weaker and Charlie gets stronger. The reference to the Vietcong warriors implies that Willard is more at ease when he is fighting in Vietnam. His alienation from normal society is further conveyed by a montage of images of war superimposed with Willards face. The non-digetic music of The End by The Doors plays, with lyrics su ch as the west is the best that further illustrates Willards faith in the American way of life and war.However, at the conclusion of this montage, Willard is left naked and bleeding, cloaked in a torn sheet and screaming on his hotel room floor, a high angle shot highlighting his vulnerability. This scene is purposely knowing to alienate the audience from the character and connotes the detrimental effect that Western civilisation is having on him. The repetitious rigmarole of a soldiers life is communicated through the undershot of the turning fan in Willards room. He stares up at it from the bed, implying that he is physically and mentally dominated by his life and routine as a soldier.As Willard travels further and further up river in search of Colonel Kurtz, he reads increasingly on Kurtzs life and the events that have led him to the delirium that the US army now deems dangerous. Willard experiences more of the US armys arrogance, blood-lust and drug use and becomes steadily d isillusioned with the entity that he placed his faith in. Everything that is wrongly with Western civilisation is represented through the arrogant Bill Kilgore who infamously states I love the smell of Napalm in the morning. As the boat travels further up river, there is a explicit change in lighting. Before Willard boards the boat, there is a reoccurring motif of brightly coloured flares. The camera pans directly in front of the plumes of red, third estate and yellow smoke so that they form a veil over the scenes of battles and civilian deaths. However, once up river, the lighting becomes softer, greener and more defined. There is a distinct lack of smoke. This implies that Willard is travelling both physically and mentally away from the chaos of Western civilisation and heading deeper into Kurtzs state of mind.Finally, Coppola uses the reoccurring motif of extreme close up shots on the faces of Willard and Kurtz. He does this to communicate that these two men are not necessaril y similar but that they represent contrary facets of one human entity. The extreme close up shots of Willard and Kurtz reveal them to both be acutely serious men who have come to empathise with the same point of view. However, they are distinctly contrasted. Willard is often sweaty, dirty, constantly smoking whereas Kurtz is pristine, unchanging and aloof.This signifies that they will never be able to emulate the virtues of the others character that they themselves are deficient. Therefore, both In The Folk Museum and Apocalypse Now reveal themselves to be texts in which the view that alienation leads to disillusionment is explored. For humans to find where they truly belong, they must be placed outside of their comfort zone. They must travel beyond what they have before and thereby find something in the world, in others or in themselves that gives them a sense of belonging.Peter Skrzyneckis poetry, Apocalypse Now directed by Francis Coppola and John Steinbecks novel Tortilla Flat a ll successfully explore differing dimensions of belonging such as the necessity of belonging to shaping ones identity, that belonging is reached by a path of alienation and that alienation leads to disillusionment. (just check over your section on Apoc Now it is very good, however ensure you are explicitly referring to belonging I would suggest that at the moment it is implicit and of course make sure you use the words of the question in your answer)

Leadership style Essay

The most successful drawing cards ar those that remove strong communication and interpersonal skills and sturdy in stick about organization growth. Leadership means you have the ability to obtain followers by earning loyalty, admiration, trust, respect, demonstrates courage and integrity, most important have a vision that is obtainable and vivid to others. Elevating and transcend pile to a grittyer level of thinking brings about strong organizational infrastructure. This paper entrust review a historical leader and how he moved this rude forward in a time of unrest. Dr. Martin Luther Jr was a transformational leader, not only in the African American community but all over the world.Leadership StyleDr. King had a vision that he was commitment to that transformed this country in a positive manner and changed people ways of thinking. Transformational leadership is a name of leading people by motivating, and transcending ones thinking to a swell level, in addition his behavior s demonstrated his personal beliefs, courage, and away of inspiring others to reach goals and see themselves in a vaster place.Successful LeaderDr. King was a great communicator along with organism an active listener, not to mention he was able to articulate a vision and mission that could be attain, also express risks, challenges and his willingness to lead his follower by example in hopes of reaching goals together as a country. His inspirational speeches appealed to millions of people at every walk of life-time rich and poor, black and white, as well as people in other countries. In being a great leader, he was able to being about racial equality and civil rights for humanity. He also received the Nobel Peace Prizes and his great leadership brought about a national holiday as part of his legacy.ComparisonIn perusing my degree, I check the important of having strong leadership skills but also realizing the important of being people focused, as well. In completing the leadershi p assessment test, I was able to identify areas in which to work on, such as stimulating my team to establish an current process to evaluate work progress, encourage develop of mechanisms of support and socialization which I need to research a little more for clarity. My score was high which identify to me the fundamental skills are present, but more development is needed. Out of all the leadership style that was looked at I would be a great transformational style of leader, because of the ability to influences, stimulate once intellect, and last bring about confidence in others. It is in my DNA I am a people person, granted leadership requires a level of authority, however, pointing out the fact that incorporating my strong communication and interpersonal skills will allow me to hear the needs of others, understanding the husbandry of the organization, yet encourage creativity, create an environment of positive outcomes and empower others to grow.Dr. King communicated nonviolence , showed humility, and not threaten to mentor other good leader to be better, distinctly Dr. King accomplished historical goals because he was able to illustrate great leadership skills. Dr. King also believed in listening for others concerns and rights to undertake ways of bring positive outcomes through addressing the government, being jailed, and implementing marches, he did not except the status quo, but he seen a great future for this country. According to (McDonough, 2010) Transformational leadership reevaluates organizational vision, values and mission. It renews a commitment to restructure systems to accomplish goals through building strong relationships couple with intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. I believe these characteristics are those that will allow me to become an effective leader.In my research, a term idealized influence came up this is a trait that is very important in leadership and one I would have to acquire and develop through experie nce. The traits includes having a strong ability to articulate visions and strategies to obtain goals, in addition, display self-assured and be optimistic in redirecting an organization into the future. I will surrounding myself with strong team players thatwill embraces my visions and team methodology, more importantly always be able to see the big picture and look over the horizon for new ways to implement processes for quality services delivery.In summary, I understand the important of education, but more important recognizes my strengths and weakness as a leader and working to improve skills, also adopt a leadership style that fits my character, for this reason, leading should become a way of life and continual practices. Dr. King live to lead thats what made him a great and accomplish leader that change this country.Reference PageTime Line of events of Dr. King (1994). Retrieved from http//www.lib.lsu.edu/hum/mlk/srs216.html McDonough, M. (2010, May). Characteristics of Transf ormational Leadership. The Hub for Bright Minds, (). Edwards, G (2011, January),Famous Examples of Different Leadership Styles. The Hub for Bright Minds.

Values and Ethics in America Case Study

BA 3102 Summer 2, 2012 impression Case Assignment End Game Values and Ethics in America 1. The most honourable decision is if she turns left into town and writing the accident to the police. Even if she turns herself in and jeopardizes to lose her school-funding grant, she write outs she did the rightfield social function and her conscious is clean. She caused a fatal accident that killed the other driver, which means she must report to the police. If she doesnt, then her maven should turn her in and help her for the dour run. Human moral and ethical values are more important then the award for the school grant and reputation in the company.In the Deckop Chapter article-Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a Decision, it compares the utilitarianism and universalism theories. It states that utilitarianism is regarding the greatest good for the greatest number and the ends justify the means. Its not ethical to disregard the law and serve the greater good. If she wa s killed in a deadly car accident, Im sure she would want mostone to report her death to the police who would later notify her loved ones. run away from an accident is not only unethical, but is also a crime and there is no justification for it.The consequences of fleeing a crime scene is more severe than turning yourself in. The pressures of a situation whitethorn cause one to apply self-serving biases that while in the short-run appear acceptable, in the long run result in damage to ones firm, career or self in legal injury of staying true to ethical principals and human morals(Desktop, 2008). I strongly agree with this statement. If she wont report to the police, and deny what she did, she would be living with her guilt knowing she knew what was the right thing to do, but she made the ill-timed decision.By knowing she is responsible for someones life and didnt notify anybody, in the long run, it go out destroy her emotionally (guilt, depression or even suicide). 2. I think I made the right choice for Julia because either way she would have had to face the consequences. If she turns herself into the police, most likely she would get arrested for drinking and driving. She would possibly lose her school-funding grant that all her students dependent on her. She would also lose her reputation as beingness a good teacher, but one thing she would be acknowledged for is that she was honest and admitted for her action.However, if she dont turn herself in, she would have to live on the rest of her life guilty knowing she hided the truth. In the long run the truth will be revealed. Part 3 doesnt change anything for me, because I knew that the down would be that she would hide the truth in order not to damage her reputation in the school, along with not letting her students down. Running away from reality is always easier then facing the truth and admitting for our wrongdoings. umteen companies think they can get away with fraud or unethical decision-making, until they either get caught or they turn themselves in.You need to know where to draw the line between personal responsibility and accountability. 3. My decision in question 1 is more consistent with universalism then utilitarianism because universalism focuses on ethical decision making, assuming the decision-maker is undermentioned the right morals and values. For example, Julia should report to the police and turn herself in, just as if her loved ones would like to know if she was in a fatal car accident and who is responsible for her death.Also the universalism theory states that everybody is equal and moral morals apply to everyone no matter what background or culture you are from. Universal ethics explains which behaviors are right or wrong. These ethical standards apply to everybody worldwide. Its something that a virtuous person is supposed to stick by to and believe in, just like manners that you learn from home. Most manners are universal, though some vary from culture to culture. As a result, I strongly agree with the universalism decision-making tool.

Burger King Holdings Inc.

Burger King Holdings Inc. was form in 23 July 2002 and incorporated in Delaware. The holding telephoner restaurant system includes restaurants owned by the company and franchises. The company is the second largest fast food hamburger restaurant chain (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008). Controls set by the company The controls set by the company are to ensure that the fiscal statements provide reasonable assurance on the reliability of the financial statements and financial reporting. informal controls ensure that the financial statements are prepared fit in to GAAPs. Internal controls ensure correct maintenance of records, transactions are recorded consort to GAAPs and the prevention of unauthorized white plague or disposal of companys assets. The effectiveness of the internal controls should be reviewed regularly to determine their adequateness although the controls put in place may not prevent and detect misstatements given its limitations due to changing conditions or degree of c omplianceExamples of controls are the security and business controls put in place to prevent gravel and use of personal information possessed by the company that if leaked, may expose the company to litigations (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008) financial statements The total revenues for the company have been growing over the years. The total revenue in 2004 was $1. 7 billion rising to $2. 4 billion in 2008. The companys revenues are generated by franchise and company owned restaurants.In year 2008, 88% of sales were from franchise restaurants. The operating income and earnings income over the same stream grew from $73 million in 2004 to $ 354 million in 2008 for operating income while net income rose from $ 5 million in 2004 to $ 190 million in 2008 The diluted earnings per share i. e. earnings later adjusting for dilutive effects rose from $106. 1 in 2004 to $ 137. 6 in 2008 Total assets grew from $ 2. 5 billion to $ 2. 6 billion in 2008.Total stockholders equity also witnessed growth from $ 716 million in 2007 to $ 845 million in 2008 lucre cash flows from operating activities grew from $67 million in 2006 to $ 243 million in 2008 Other aspects of the companys performance is the opening of 202 new restaurants which brings the companys total number of restaurants to 11,505 as of June, 30 2008 Techniques to dismember financial statements The financial statements are prepared and disclosed according to the GAAPs as well as presented according to the SEC regulations.The financial statements have been presented based on the reportable segments of the company i. e. USA and Canada EMEA/APAC and Latin America. As seen earlier, the companys revenues are generated from companys restaurants and franchise restaurants. The analysis has also been done according to the source of revenue Comparison of restaurant sales from the three reportable segments has been done in the financial statements (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008) ImpactThe preparation of the financial stateme nts according to reportable segments helps the company to formulate strategies for the various business segments in railroad with their performance. Comparison of sales growth in the segments over the years helps the company to evaluate the performance of all(prenominal) source of revenues thus formulate strategies that can improve growth References BurgerKingHoldingsInc. (2008, August 28th). Form 10-k. Retrieved April 10th, 2009, from Burger King Holdings Inc. http//media. corporate-ir. net/media_files/irol/87/87140/BKC_AR08/10-k. html

Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay

Former CEO of Vodafone Group, Mr. Arun Sarin, at the 2009 Global Business Forum debated that there is a hard change kick the bucketring in the bea today. The world is becoming more(prenominal) than interconnected due not altogether to physical infrastructure but as well the intellectual and softw ar infrastructure that is being built moreover, the demeanor in that make do is being done today. For him, the United States is still the most powerful state in the world however, if the country wants to have global excellence in the future, innovation is a most.Since its earliest appearance, or so three decades ago, the experimental condition globalization has been used to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age. The term signifies a social condition characterized by the existence of global economic, political, cultural, and environmental interconnections and flows that make many of the soon existing borders and boundaries irrelevant. globalization sugge sts dynamism best explained by the idea of change and the transformation of present conditions.In other words, globalization is an ongoing process rather than a static condition. According to Manfred Steger, author of the watchword globalization A Very Short Introduction, globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and come forward worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing aw beness of deepening connections between the local and the distant. In the other hand, globalization is a tangled and contradictory phenomenon that encompasses progress and degradation, opportunity and compulsion, freedom and restrictions. These count slight contradictions are points of political contestation. Advantages of Globalization* Countries around the world have made the choice of establishing trade relationships with each other in order to improve their economy. yesteryear hostile experi ences were left behind, and globalization has announced an era of international peace and security. In addition, there has been propagation of democratic ideas among countries. * Countries have resolved to test free trade with some regions. Eliminating taxes, duties, and export/import quotas has allowed consumers to bargain goods and services at a lower cost. * Globalization is encouraging the use of international connectivity such as the internet. Exchanging thoughts and ideas is helping interlink people around the world.* Several companies are investing in other markets providing ruin employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled labor all around the world. Globalization is helping in increase the standard of living of the developing world and at the same time is helping to reduce poverty. * disceptation among different countries is leading to international innovation and superior goods. Consumers are benefited in the process because they get quality products at a cheape r rate and from a large variety available in the market. * Mutual trade has brought an understanding of the importance of protecting the environment and natural resources. Global environmental problems are being discussed.Disadvantages of Globalization* Many people from develop nations are losing jobs since corporations are outsourcing work to developing countries due to savings in cost of labor. There is a lot of pressure in the develop world people are always under the threat of their job being outsourced. Outsourcing has resulted in unemployment. * Any sort of economic kerfuffle in one nation go away have a domino-effect on other nations that are nearly related to that country in terms of trade and commerce.* Influence of local cultures and traditions will slowly go forth to wear down. Western ideas will impose over other cultures. * Globalization may lead to more environmental problems. A company may want to build factories in other countries because environmental laws are n ot as strict as they are at home. * Income distribution within countries is becoming less equal. The rich is getting richer and the poor is getting poorer. * Transnational integration and increased mobility has simultaneously strengthened and little the protection of individual rights and the dignity of individuals. Globalized markets have facilitated more monitoring of social conditions but have overly opened up more opportunities for economic exploitation.Example of the pros and cons of globalizationThe Philippines is one of the countries in Asia that has been affected by the contradictions of globalization. The country is taking part in the process since it became part of the World Trade Organization in 1995. Globalization has allowed major changes in the nation like more labor, more Filipino foreign companies, last levels of education, and high per capita income. Philippines have four regions that globalization has targeted and these four are liberalization, mobility of capit al, technology, and management of organization through hole-and-corner(a) and public sectors. Nevertheless, the Philippine state has failed in organizing a socioeconomic environment that would have prepared the country for global competition. Many Filipinos believe that globalization has done nothing for their country.And this is due to the poverty that has been becoming worse each year. The Philippines is still corrupt and still faces economic and political problems, therefore, the nation and its people does not devote the process of globalization. About 60% of the population lives in poverty and poverty levels are still increasing. The institutional framework of a country, its political culture and the quality of its leadership play an important role in fostering economic development and in promoting social welfare. For some, globalization can make the Philippines a fall apart nation if the Philippine leaders get involve in allowing for more global trading and more foreign inv estors to the help boost the economy. And by accomplishing those goals, the Philippines should be able to reduce poverty levels.The Future of GlobalizationGlobalization is transforming the structure of worldwide interaction and people are changing along with it. The positives aspects of globalization are becoming more significant than the negatives ones. In the long term, the world will be transformed into a more prosperous, democratic, and peaceful environment. This may means that cultural conflict and global chaos will occur in the short term but large economic growth and democratic governance will prevail in the long term. Globalization is making the way for free trade and international business. It is also improving communication around the world. The biggest advantage is that globalization has the potential to make the world a s bakshis place to live in. Globalization cannot be stopped however, leaders should always be on the top of its spread and outcomes.Work CitedSteger, M. B. (2004). Globalization, a very short introduction. naked as a jaybird York Oxford University Press, USA. Retrieved from http//library.books24x7.com.dml.regis.edu/SearchResults.aspx?qdom=author&scol=all&qstr=Manfred B. Steger Hill, C. (2010). International business. (8 ed., Vol. 5). New York City NY McGraw-Hill Irwin. Rupert, M., & Solomon, S. (2006). Globalization & international political economy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers INC.

Icarus Literary Essay

The modern human has for sure evolved from the time of ancient Greece. In the poem Icarus, by Edward Field, a Greek mythological character is put in the bustling, ironic reliableity of the modern world. The once fearless and ambitious Icarus, takes his risk taking alike far and finds himself miser fitting and trapped. His only failure turns out to be his worst failure of all and Icarus cannot fixate up after this final fall. Field uses euphemism, resourcefulness, dictation, and irony to tell the story of a young adventeurer who is futile to overcome his tragic defeat.Icarus provides a strong message to refs about reaching for the stars, but being able to pick yourself up after you fall. Field uses euphemism to describe Icarsus heroic fall (l. 20), not to his tragic death, but or else to the middling stature of the merely talented (l. 21). Icarus is portrayed as a hero in Greek mythology, so when he is transformed into the vastly different, mediocre world, it is his ultimat e fall. His life changes from compeling the sun (l. 14), to riding commuter trains (l. 29).The diversity to mediocrity is worse than death to Icarus, and Edward Field emphasises this through the use of euphemism. Icarus fall to mediocrity is also forceful through Fields strong use of imagery. The reader is able to easily understand and pick up the transition from the first stanza, which describes Icarus tragic death and implies the differences between his traditional home and his tender home, to the third stanza, where imagery deprecates his life in the new world. Right absent imagery illustrates Icarus hard fall into the contemporary world when he goes from a hero to a report filed and bury (l.6).This use of imagery shows how Icarus is quickly forgotten and his peers have a cargonlessness towards his new persona as Mr. Hicks (l. 10). The imagery enforced here helps the reader to understand the harsh reality of Icarus fall to mediocrity. Fields use of irony and dictation are t he final pieces that illustrate Icarus fall to the modern world. In the opening stanza of the poem the ironic culture of the new world is brought to light when the witnesses of Icarus fall run off to a gang war (l. 5). Right away this establishes the cruel stature of urban life and the ironic revision of roles for Icarus.When Icarus report is filed and forgotten (l. 6), it has an ironic coil on Greek mythology, because in ancient Greece tales resembling this would never be forgotten. Icarus new home in the real world is ironic because his new facade as Mr. Hicks (l. 10) is portrayed as a nice, friendly neighbour, which is precise farfetched from Icarus foolish and disobedient personality in his traditional home. Fields use of dictation passim the poem is a constant reminder of the new setting in the contemporary world Icarus is straight off living in.Words like commuter trains (l.29) and committees (l. 30), constantly clarify and emphasis the mediocre setting. Field strongly emp loys techniques of euphemism, imagery, irony, and dictation. In doing so, he conveys both poetically personal reflections and an effective change of Icarus setting, shaping this work as an change surface more tragic story for the protagonist than his death would have been. Icarus provokes the reader to self reflect on their attempts to reach the heavens and their abrupt fallings. It is a reminder to us that no matter how hard you fall, naught will beat the pain of giving up.

Children and Young People Development Essay

division 1 The prescript of discipline from descent to nineteen 1.1 relieve the sequence and arrange of apiece aspect of givement from birth to 19yrs 1.2 explicate the end among sequence of ontogenesis and regularize of arrestment and why the difference is important division 2 The factors that influence increment2.1 develop how squirtren and young nations maturation is influenced by a trim of personal factors 2.2 Explain how babyren and young peoples ontogenesis is influenced by a range of away factors 2.3 Explain how theories of organic evolution and frameworks to jump maturement influence current utilize Section 1 over(p)VerifiedSection 2 completeVerifiedSection 3 How to proctor study and remove appropriate interventions 3.1 Explain how to monitor squirtren and young peoples development u blab expose different method actings 3.2 Explain the reasons why electric s put onrren and young peoples development whitethorn non follow the anticipate pat tern 3.3 Explain how dis efficiency whitethorn impact development3.4 Explain how different signs of intervention sewer pull ahead overconfident come income for sisterren and young people where development is not following the expected pattern Section 4 Early intervention for nestlingrens speech, expression and chat and development 4.1 Analyse the importance of early on identification of speech, language and communication delays the deflects and the potential risk of late recognition 4.2 Explain how mutli-agency teams work unitedly to second speech, language and communication 4.3 Explain how play and activities ar using upd to support the development of speech, language and communication Section 3 completeVerifiedSection 4 completeVerifiedSection 5 Transitions and the way out on electric razor development 5.1 Explain how the different types of transition tush carry on shaverren and young peoples development 5.2 Evaluate the exit on fryren and young people of h aving positive births during periods of transition Section 5 completeScenarioYou and a colleague shake off agreed to run a series of training workshops at a local college for students interested in working in child c be. You shake up been invited in to show your knowledge of Child and Young Person Development in a school setting.Your colleague is going to write the training presentations but you lack to create a series of handouts which summarise the key points.The headings of the workshops atomic number 18the pattern of development from birth to nineteenthe factors that influence developmenthow to monitor development and make appropriate interventions early intervention for childrens speech, language and communication development transitions and the prep ar on a childs developmentYour handouts could be in any form and could embarrass written information, diagrams, t sufficients and illustrations. Use the structure below to produce the 5 handouts that your colleague has aske d you to create. You essential cover from each one ofthe taskment criteria.Handout Number angiotensin-converting enzyme the pattern of development from birth to nineteen Assessment Criteria enthral look into the incase when you believe you have covered this in the content. 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs 1.2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs Age Range arousedPhysicalCogitative (Intellectual)Language0 9 monthsEmotional attachment to pargonnts.Feelings (happy sad afraid.).A need for a sense of well domain of a function and predictability of daily tasks. Starts to develop a sense of discernment for food and toys etc.Sleeps for most of the day.Shows excitement by mean of waving blazonry and kicking legs.From 6 months on begins to rollover sit independently sta rts to crawl and pull up to standing position. Reaches out for objects and begins to grip them.Neck muscles strengthen enabling baby to cook head up.Begins teething.Slight responses using senses (sight get smell touch taste). Mouthing objectsIdentify beaten(prenominal) people by their voices and facial features. Egocentric.Begins to compile visual images and to c atomic number 18 for reveal games i.e. peek-a-boo.Responsive to sound and familiar voices and turns head toward sounds.Responsive to facial expressions i.e. smiles.Begins to babble and gurgle.Begins to pronounce dada and mama.Awargon of familiar family names.9 18 monthsEmotions develop i.e. Happiness Anger Fear. disquieted when separates are upset.Looks for security and assurance from cognise adults, needs to be loved and cuddled. Draws away from strangers.Walking shamble toddling.Begins to build blocks, croupe throw hold a book.Pincer grip develops enabling child to hold pencils etc.Develops sleeping routine.Beg ins to imitate behaviours in others.Learns through the senses.Likes to hear objects named and translates familiar language i.e. eat whoop it up dressed bed. Begins to develop vocabulary (3 20 words).Uses gesture to communicate and reinforce language i.e. waving and aphorism bye bye Connects sounds into sentence structures.18 months 3 yearsLearns to assert and become to a greater extent confident.Has fury tantrums.Develops a sense of ego ant the need to do something for self. Understands and uses No.Shows lots of emotions.Lacks sensation of emotions in others.Begin to feed themselves.Draws, starts to stack blocks as fine labour skills develop. put up walk, run, climb steps with caution.Enjoys action songs and begins to participate.Begin to use potty / toilet.Help to dress themselves.Recognise and name objects.Increased perplexity span, although still quite short.Continue to learn through the senses. baron to match shapes and colours.Develop vocabulary at a rate of 3 words a month.Use three to quaternary word sentences.Begins to sing simple songs and nursery rhythms.Can repeat simple messages.3 5 yearsUnaware of others chanceings. medium to feelings of other people towards self.Growing confidence.Wants to please, seeks approval.Expresses emotions to others e.g. jealousy anger happiness.Ability to draw, use scissors, play catch.Can sit a tricycle, jump, run with confidence.Toilet trained.Enjoys afferent play i.e. sandpit water, play doh, finger painting. Improved fertilisation skills.Rapid muscle growth.Uses imagination a lot, enjoys role play and dramatic play.Begins to see cause and effect relationships.Is curious and inquisitive.Asks numerous questions.Can develop imaginary friends.Aware of right from wrong.Vocabulary increased up to 1500 words.Can have extended conversations.Can describe an event or what happened that da.Can carry out simple instructions.5 12 yearsMay start to show fear of dark, dogs, fall outing etc.Finds it difficult to accept criticism.Doesnt comparable losing.Can display aggressive behaviour / tantrums.Can vocalise their needs and feelings.Can dress and undress.Care for make toilet needs.Confident running, jumping etc. real well motor skills improved. Can draw, write, colour in more accurately. Learns to read and write.Can recognise and name more complicated shapes and colours.Can follow more detailed instructions.Starting to form opinions.Very curious.Vocabulary up to 4000 words.Sentence structure improves and question asking become complex, why how when. Ability to remember events and describe with greater details. 7 12 years.Girls are beginning to develop fast than boys.Increasing awareness of self and others and the environment. Usually affectionate, helpful, cheerful, outgoing.Can be rude, bossy, demanding.In colony growing, dependable and trustworthy.Has improved body control.Becomes more competitive.Fine motor skills improve.Handwriting becomes neater and smaller.Baby teeth fall repl aced by adult teeth.Hand eye co-ordination improves.Increased ability academically i.e. literacy mathematics reading IT. Can form and articulate compound opinions.Creative and likes to experiment.Develops interests, seeks facts, capable of elongate interest. Can do more abstract thinking and reasoning.Challenges adult knowledge.Vocabulary increases to 10,000 words.Sentence structure move backs on greater complexity.Ability to use grammar correctly including appropriate use of a wider range of language and punctuality. grasp of humour develops.12 16 yearsPuberty begins, affecting emotional development.Greater sense of independence. bettor understanding of other people beliefs and opinions.Will debate and argue their own view point with uncloudedness and an ability to justify their reasoning. Can become sulky and withdrawn.Develops a greater interest in sort and what others think of them.Physical changes brought on by puberty.Rapid growth and muscle development.Become more econ omic at running, swimming etc.Ability to be a team player.Possible acne or quasi(prenominal) skin problems.Healthy appetite to discuss and debate opinions and causes.Increased ability for more difficult maths, literacy, reading, researching. Can vocalise own ideas and beliefs.Increasingly able to memorise, to think logically some c at oncepts, to engage I self-examination and probing into own thinking. To plan realistically for the future.Vocabulary increases to 20,000 words.Ability to manipulate language and use in appropriate settings. Can clearly and concisely articulate view points and question others points of view. Extended reading list. esteem of humour.16 19 yearsWorries about failure.May appear moody, angry, lonely, impulsive, self-centred, confused and stubborn. Has conflicting feelings about dependence/independence.Has essentially completed personal maturation, physical features are shaped and defined. Probability of acting on versed desires increases.Can understand and resolve extremely complex theories in maths, science, ITetc. Reading and writing matures.Ability to debate and discuss at higher level with peer groups. A greater ability to use language and understand use appropriately. Ability to use grammar correctly and adapt as necessary.More advanced use of humour and word play.1.2 Explain the difference between the sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important.The sequence of development is the order in which development satisfys places and all physical development happens in the same order for most people e.g. a baby must be able to hold its head without support before it advise sit with just its lower back support and then stand. A childs development is generally broken down in to four of five specific categories i.e. physical communication intellectual/cognitive social/emotional/behavioural and moral. employ these specific categories one can monitor the phases and stages of development within a normal age range.The rate of development is the time period development happens at, on that point are guidelines available created from information gathered from placard indicating at what age various stages of development should occur, however, these are guidelines and one should remember all children are individuals and develop other than.The difference is important is because all guidelines are written in a way to support the development of a neurotypical child, therefore, if a child does not develop in line with the guidance it could indicate that there whitethorn be a problem. The guidelines tind for childhood development are a very useful motherfucker used by twain professionals and carers to monitor what a child can and cannot do at various stages in their development. By monitoring a childs developmental jump on, early indicators could be identified alerting the professional that there is a problem. It impart withal support professionals to plan expeditiously and r efer appropriately to ensure that a child gets the attention needed to address the areas in which they are struggling.All areas of development are linked together, for example, speech can be affected if the child has hindrance hearing. The rate a child develops at can also be affected by their environment. One would expect a child who has extensive social interaction with people opportunities to play would develop faster than a child who has a more isolated life style and more limited opportunities to miscellanea with groups of people and play.Handout Number Two the factors that influence developmentAssessment Criteria Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. 2.1 Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors 2.2 Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of outside factors 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence curr ent practice2.1 Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factorsChildren and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors and how they can impact on the childs rate of development and sense of well-bein rg.If a child has fussy Educational Needs their development can be sinfully delayed in comparison to their peer group. Children who have conditions such as autism or global development delay social skills will not develop as expected, they whitethorn not have the skills required to interact with their peer group or learn through play. Children who fall in to this group may also lack the ability to copy or communicate through gesture and language and can ofttimes be described to be in their own lesser world.If a child has a physical disability their rate of development could be adversely effected. Children with mobility issues may not be able to walk or run. Their social interaction and opportunities may be limited and they may not mix as much as an able bodied child with their peer group. Appointmentswith consultants and hospital could mean that they miss school. Their disability may mean they are not invited to birthday parties and social functions as an assumption could be do that if they cant join in, they wont enjoy it.If a child comes from an abusive home they could have emotional disabilities preventing them from trusting other people, particularly adults. Doubting their own self-worth and their confidence in their own ability. It is very difficult for a child who has been mentally or physically abused to understand a safe and secure environment as it is transfer to what they have come to accept as their norm. They can feel they are not as good as other children and believe that they cannot achieve what their peer group is achieving. Feeling like this about oneself can be crippling and can prevent a child achieving their full potential and it takes a lot of input from approp riate professional to help the child to recover.2.2 Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of external factors. Children and young peoples development is influenced by a wide range of external factors. These can include anything from situation in the home, school or local community.If a family moves house when a child is young this can adversely affect their development. A child of school age could be plucked from the security of a community and school where they feel safe and have a group of friends and stimulate themselves in a sweet school, living in an unfamiliar community and what could feel like a scary and alien environment. It can be intimidate to the point of socially crippling for some young children to join an established curriculum, to be the new child and to learn how to fit in with their new peer group and understand the rules of how the peer group function.As a consequence struggling to fit in could impact on the childs academi c achievement, self-confidence and social development.A childs development can be affected if a new baby arrives. When the family dynamic changes all members of the family will subconsciously review theirplace in the family structure. Whether they go from world an old child to eldest child baby of the family to middle child or hardly boy / girl to eldest boy / girl etc.It can be difficult to find your niche and the introduction of the new member of the family can moderate in feelings of jealousy, no longer being needed, feeling you have been replaced or feeling less special. All of these feelings can cause the child to chink talking, regression, bed wetting or spiteful behaviour toward the baby. When a family are expecting a baby they should take time to discuss the new arrival, think about how it will effect me and encourage the children, reassuring them that they are very much loved and that the new baby will really need its galactic brothers / sisters and that all the childr en in the family are special.It is thinkable to manage and plan to minimise the effect of some external factors that could influence the development of children and young people such as moving house and having a new baby. Unfortunately, sometimes things happen which we havent had time to prepare for. If a family member, close friend of the family, class mate or even a pet dies a child can find it very difficult to understand. The concept of death is challenging for most adults to comprehend so trying to explain to a child that someone they love has left and they wont be seeing them anymore can devastate a child. They will struggle to manage these new emotions and there is a risk they strike themselves. As with other external factors which influence their development the child could regress, become introvert, find it hard to trust relationships with people who might just leave them. It can affect their school work and may take them some time to accept the death and move forward. Th ey will need a huge am out of emotional support.2.3 Explain how theories of development and framework to support development influence current practice. everywhere the years there have been many theorists who have studied child development and considered what might effect and influence their stages and rate of development. The theorists were all driven by individual ideals andbeliefs. Many of their theories influence common practice in early years environments and schools today.Piagets (1896-1980) theory looks at stages of cognitive development. According to Piaget children progress through four stages of cognitive development which indicate how they see the world. Piaget believed that children actively try to explore the world around them and try to make sense of it. Through his observations Piagets developed a theory of intellectual development that included four stages. The sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 the preoperational stage from 2 to 7 the concrete operational stage from 7 to 11 and the formal operational stage which begins in adolescence and continues in to adulthood. Piaget thought that all children develop at their own speed but got there in the end.By considering each child individually and thinking about how one would create the best education beget for them we are providing them with a quality accomplishment commence. In the classroom we must consider that all children are not at the same stage of cognitive development. at that place needs to be a cast of suitable skill experiences for children at various levels of cognitive development. This supports outcome-based education (OBE) principals which state that individual learners needs must be catered for through multiple teaching and learning strategies and assessment tools and that learners must be allowed to demonstrate their learning achievements and competence in whatever manner and most appropriate to their abilities.Marlow (1908-1970) was a humanist. His theory suggest that our ac tions are motivated in order to achieve our needs. His theory A theory of Human Motivation is often displayed as a pyramid detailing a hierarchy of need. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of our most elemental needs i.e. physical requirements including the need for water, food sleep and warmth. Once these are met people move up to the next level, a need for security and safety. People move up the pyramid towards the top requiring the need for friendship, love and a need for personal esteem and feelings of friendship.Maslows theory can be seen in the classroom by the introduction of waterbottles, regular healthy snacks, breakfast clubs and lunch at appropriate time in the school day schedule. Once the childs basic needs have been met it is presumed that the child is best placed to learn. There is a huge emphasis on safe guarding in schools, everyone working in the school environment is trained to look out for possible signs of neglect, and this too supports Marlow to en sure the childs needs are met. skinner (1904-1990) believed the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the cause of an action and its consequences. He called his approach operant conditioning. This means the changing of behaviour by the use of a reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of response i) neutral response responses from the environment that neither increase nor lessening the opportunity of a behaviour being repeated. Ii) Reinforcers responses from the environment that increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative. iii) Punishers response from the environment that decrease the likelihood of behaviour being repeated. Punishment weakens behaviour.Skinners theory can be use in the classroom by introducing a reward system. In younger classes smiley/sad reward charts are displayed and smiley faces are given for good behaviour and sad faces for less favourable behaviour. As children grow senior(a) merit marks are given in recognition of good behaviour and detention for undesired behaviour.Handout Number Three how to monitor development and make appropriate interventions Assessment Criteria Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content.3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young peoples development using different methods3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young peoples development may not follow the expected pattern3.3 Explain how disability may affect development3.4 Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern3.1 Explain how to monitor children and youngpeoples development using different methods.There are various methods of monitoring childrens and young peoples development. There are both summative (the assessment of the learning and summarizes the development of learners at a particul ar time) and formative (a wide diversity of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension) methods such as formal testing i.e. SATs, which record a childs academic achievement or observations, target give outlists, tick box checklists. Early Years excogitation breaker point (EYFS) sets the standards for development, learning and care of children from birth to 5 years. There 2 main assessments of children carried out i) EYFS check children at 2 yrs providing a short summary of a childs development between 24 and 36 months. ii) the EYFS profile generates a summary and details the childs attainment at the age of 5.In Primary and Secondary Education the National broadcast is followed. The National Curriculum covers learning for all children aged 5 -16 in state schools. Children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) work to P scales, this is the statutory method used for reporting attainment.Key Stages were intruded in 1988. Targets defined in t he National Curriculum are assessed at the end of each key stage. Key Stage 1 covers years 1 and 2, Key Stage 2 covers years 3 to 6. At the end of the Key Stage the children are tested by using SATs (Standard Assessment Tests). These are tests that are set for pupils in Key Stage 1 in year 2, in Key Stage 2 in year 6 and in Key Stage 3 during years 7-9. They are designed to measure pupils progress in the core national curriculum subjects compared to other children of the same age. They are a method of assessing pupils, monitoring progress and help plan future teaching. The children are tested in an exam like environment and provide a comprehensive indication of the childs academic attainment. SATs provide a method of understanding academic achievement, however, many other methods are used to monitor childrens development including observation. Its essential to maintain paper records, recording what you see and nutrition back to the parents. Teaching Assistants support the teachers with observations and will monitor areas of development such asspeech, language, social interaction, physical and age appropriate behaviour, feeding back to the teacher with any area of concern.3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young peoples development may not follow the expected pattern. 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development.There are lots of reasons that children and young peoples development may not follow the expected pattern. Its important to mindful that all children are different and will develop at different rates. However, it is also very important to observe children and be aware of significant differences in their development to that of their peer group. Emotional issues can impact on child development. Children who have experienced the death of a parent sib close family member can become socially isolated. Not understanding the emotions they are experiencing, managing their own waiver and grief and watching the grief and loss of their loved ones can cause them to regress. Some children have been known to stop talking when they experienced the loss of someone who was integral to their safe and secure world.They can experience anxiety and feel that others may suddenly die/disappear from their life. Children who are in care could have difficulty with their social development. If they do not have the opportunity to form a loving, trusting relationship with their parents then they could have difficulty forming trusting relationships with other people. Their own self value and self-worth could also be effected, feeling if their parents dont loss them then why anyone else would. Children do not have the content to completely understand all of the details of why they are in care but will feel the pain of rejection and in order to protect themselves could build up barriers, preventing them from interacting fully with their peers, teachers and care providers. Children who consume with ongoing health issues development may not follow the expected pattern. If they have an issue which could result in lots of hospital appointments or days absent from school due to ill health not only can their academic achievement be adversely effected so can their emotional and social development.If their health issue is also a physical disability it could prevent them from combat-ready in sports and physically able events. They could find that they are not included in activities or invited to parties as they are unable to take part. This in turn couldaffect social skills and self-confidence. Children from different cultural backgrounds may develop at different rates and stages purely because the expectation of their culture is different. Some cultures view boys and girls differently and their expectations are according to gender could vary, there focus on areas of development and personal achievements to strive toward may differ to those that are in the UKs expected pattern. The most significant factor that will affect developme nt and prevent it from following the expected pattern is disability. Disability covers a multitude of issues including physical disability, sensory impairment (sight, hearing) or a developmental disorder such as autism.If a childs fine motor skills and gross motor skills are not developing they will have problems compulsory a pencil, developing independence skills feeding themselves (holding a spoon), walking, running, jumping. Children who are different will struggle in their peer group whether it be because they physically cant keep up or if they socially cant keep up. Communication problems can create a barrier to forming friendships and social integration. Children with severe developmental disabilities such as autism will develop very differently to the expected pattern. The world could attend alien to them, language a mystery, everything could cause confusion. Children with sensory processing disorder can struggle to cope in their environment and find it very hard to tolera te various experiences. A lot depends on the severity of the disability and the support and facilities available to the child. A child born with Down Syndrome will have a care plan in place from birth, their development pattern already differentiating from their peer group, expectations correct to take account of the delays one would expect to see in a Downs baby.Children with medical conditions such as cerebral palsy, again diagnosed from birth, could have associated learning difficulties which will effect both physical and mental development, so their expected development plan will be adjusted to include in their areas of disability. Children born with autism may not receive a diagnosis until they reach school age. Although they may have always been about different to their peer group, left undetected and diagnosed the expectation would still be to follow the normal pattern. However, once diagnosed adjustments would be made taking in to account the triad of impairments and how t he child autism impacts on their development. Their social skills may not develop asexpected, they may not see the need to have friends or want to have friends. They may not understand role play, have appropriate communication skills. They may have sensory issues. These children are unique and they will develop at their own pace and in their own time.3.4 Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcome for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern.There are many types of interventions promoting positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected patterns.Social Workers work closely with the family and care providers to support a child who has been identified with having developmental problems or a disability. Social workers are a key link to other professionals who will work with the child. Their role is to form a professional relationship with the family and become someone th e family can trust and turn to if they need to access other services. A social worker will assess the familys needs and identify what is required to support the family and the child and channel this through to access the resources required to meet the needs. They will intervene if there are problems at school and remain a invariable between the parents and child if a child is placed in temporary care, providing the child with a familiar trusted adult.Educational psychologists asses children in school, working with the class teacher to identify how a child learns. They look at the individual learners who have been identified as gifted and talented or with learning difficulties and provided a detailed report discussing what external and internal factors may impact on the childs ability to learn. The educational psychologist will report on areas including physical development communication cognitive educational attainment approaches and attitude to learning social emotional behaviour independence/self hep skills childs views parents views and factors impacting on progress. The report will detail recommendations to the school and if the child has a Statement ofSpecial Needs to the Local Authority. The recommendations will include the type of provision a child needs to learn, the type of environment and the type of strategies that will support the child to achieve their full potential.Speech and Language Therapists (SaLT) provide expertise in language, communication and swallowing disorders. They will assess the child in clinic and work closely with affiliate professionals to provide support. During the assessment they will provide a differential diagnosis, interventions and management for children with difficulties. They work closely with the childs family paediatricians SENCOs teachers etc. to provide strategies and techniques to reduce the impact these difficulties have on the childs learning.SaLTs work with children who have difficulties including articulatio n delay phonological delay phonological disorder developmental language delay developmental language disorder specific language impairment, dysphagia dysfluency social communication disorder voice disorder cleft lip/palate and oral dyspraxia. A SaLT uses their discreetness to identify if a childs SaLT difficulty is an educational requirement or not and where is should be situated on the childs Statement of Special Needs.Occupational Therapists (OT) asses and treat physical and psychiatric conditions using specific activities to prevent disability and promote independence in daily life. They work with a wide range of people including children and young people to support them to vanquish their disability. OT will work with children who have been given a diagnosis and will implement strategies which will support the child become part of the childs daily tasks. They deliver support to children with diagnosis including physical disability and Cerebral Palsy Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD)/Dyspraxia Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) centripetal Processing Disorders Significant Development Delay and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS).These are only a some of the many professionals working with children andyoung people to provide strategies and on-going support to ensure that the childs need are met and that they are placed in the best possible education environment. Working together to provide a multi-agency approach will ensure a positive outcome for the child and their family enhancing and enabling the child to achieve their full potential.